Katherine Howard: A New History Read online

  Waagen, G.F., Die vornehmsten Kunstdenkmäler in Wien (Vienna, 1866)

  Walker, Garthine, ‘Rereading Rape and Sexual Violence in Early Modern England’, Gender & History 10 (2002).

  Wall, Alison, ‘Baynton Family (per. 1508-1716), gentry’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (2004-13).

  Walker, Greg, ‘Henry VIII and the Invention of the Royal Court’, History Today 47 2 (1997).

  Warnicke, Retha M., ‘Anne of Cleves, Queen of England’, History Review (2005).

  Warnicke, Retha M., ‘Henry VIII’s Greeting of Anne of Cleves and Early Modern Court Protocol’, Albion: a Quarterly Journal Concerned with British Studies 28 (1996), 565-85.

  Warnicke, Retha M., ‘Queenship: Politics and Gender in Tudor England’, History Compass 4 (2006), 203-227.

  Warnicke, Retha M., ‘The Fall of Anne Boleyn Revisited’, English Historical Review 108 (1993), 653-665.

  Warnicke, Retha M., The Rise and Fall of Anne Boleyn: Family politics at the court of Henry VIII (Cambridge, 1989).

  Warnicke, Retha M., Wicked Women (Palgrave Macmillan, 2012).

  Weikel, Ann, ‘Mary I (1516-1558), queen of England and Ireland’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (2004).

  Weir, Alison, Mary Boleyn: ‘The Great and Infamous Whore’ (Jonathan Cape, 2011).

  Weir, Alison, The Lady in the Tower: The Fall of Anne Boleyn (Jonathan Cape, 2009).

  Weir, Alison, The Six Wives of Henry VIII (London, 1991).

  Wheeler, Elisabeth, Men of Power: Court intrigue in the life of Catherine Howard (Martin Wheeler Publishing, 2008).

  Notes

  Introduction: Historiography

  1.Martin Hume, The Chronicle of Henry VIII (London, 1889).

  2.Ibid, p. 75.

  3.Ibid, pp. 76-7.

  4.Ibid, pp. 82-3.

  5.Ibid, pp. 86-7.

  6.Herbert, The life and raigne of King Henry the Eighth

  7.bid, p. 474.

  8.Nicholas Harpsfield, A Treatise on the Pretended Divorce Between Henry VIII and Catharine of Aragon, p. 278.

  9.George Cavendish, The Life of Cardinal Wolsey and Metrical Visions (ed. Samuel Weller Singer, London, 1825), pp. 64-70.

  10.Nicholas Sander, Rise and Growth of the Anglican Schism (eds. Edward Rishton and David Lewis, London, 1877), pp. 153-4.

  11.Agnes Strickland, Memoirs of the Queens of Henry VIII, pp. 279-80.

  12.Ibid, p. 280.

  13.Ibid, pp. 310-11.

  14.Ibid, p. 325.

  15.Henry Herbert, Memoirs of Henry the Eighth of England: With the Fortunes, Fates, and Characters of His Six Wives (New York, 1860), pp. 413, 431.

  16.Martin Hume, The Wives of Henry the Eighth and the Parts They Played in History (New York, 1905), pp. 351, 371-2, 396.

  17.Lacey Baldwin Smith, A Tudor Tragedy: The Life and Times of Catherine Howard (Jonathan Cape, 1961), p. 9.

  18.Ibid, p. 10.

  19.Ibid, p. 45.

  20.Ibid, p. 54.

  21.Ibid, p. 61.

  22.Ibid, p. 189.

  23.Alison Plowden, Tudor Women: Queens and Commoners (The History Press, 2002), p. 96.

  24.Alison Weir, The Six Wives of Henry VIII (London, 1991), pp. 9, 462.

  25.Antonia Fraser, The Six Wives of Henry VIII (Phoenix, 1992), pp. 388, 427.

  26.Joanna Denny, Katherine Howard: A Tudor Conspiracy (Portrait, 2005), p. 88.

  27.Ibid, pp. 116, 123.

  28.Ibid, pp. 148-9.

  29.Ibid, p. 198.

  30.David Starkey, Six Wives: The Queens of Henry VIII (Vintage, 2004), pp. 644, 646.

  31.Ibid, p. 654.

  32.Ibid, pp. 674-5.

  33.Ibid, p. xxv.

  34.Karen Lindsey, Divorced, Beheaded, Survived: A Feminist Reinterpretation of the Wives of Henry VIII (Da Capo Press, 1996), pp. 17

  35.Retha M. Warnicke, ‘Queen Katherine Howard’, in Wicked Women of Tudor England: Queens, Aristocrats, Commoners (Queenship and Power) (Palgrave Macmillan, 2012), pp. 45, 76.

  1) Thrones and Power

  1.George Cavendish, Thomas Wolsey late Cardinal his Life and Death Roger Lockyer (ed., 1962), p. 10.

  2.SP Ven. ii.1287.

  3.Sebastian Guistinian, Four Years at the Court of Henry VIII (tr. R Brown, 2 vols., London, 1854) i.85-90f.; LP. ii.395.

  4.See, for example, David Starkey, Six Wives: the Queens of Henry VIII (Vintage, 2004), pp. 88-9.

  5.Cited in Agnes Strickland, Memoirs of the Queens of Henry VIII (Blanchard and Lea, 1853), p. 279.

  6.R. Virgoe, “The Recovery of the Howards in East Anglia, 1485-1529” in E.W. Ives, R.J. Knecht, and J. J. Scarisbrick Wealth and Power in Tudor England (London, 1978), pp. 5-16; D. Head, “The Life and Career of Thomas Howard, Third Duke of Norfolk: The Anatomy of Tudor Politics”, PhD dissertation, Florida State University (1978), pp. 28-40.

  7.Lacey Baldwin Smith, A Tudor Tragedy: the Life and Times of Catherine Howard (London, 1961), p. 16.

  8.M. J. Tucker, The Life of Thomas Howard, Earl of Surrey and Second Duke of Norfolk, 1443-1524 (London, 1964), p. 72; J. Gairdner, “’The Spousells’ of the Princess Mary, 1508”, Camden Miscellany IX (New York, 1965); A.R. Myers, ‘The Book of Disguisings for the Coming of the Ambassadors of Flanders, December, 1508’, BIHR 54 (1981), 120-9.

  9.D. Head, “The Life and Career”, p. 167.

  10.Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic of the Reign of Henry VIII, J. S. Brewer, J. Gairdner, and R.H. Brodie, 21 vols (eds., London: HMSO, 1862-1932) ½, no. 2684 (2); Michael A. R. Graves, ‘Thomas Howard, third duke of Norfolk (1473-1554)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (2004).

  11.C. Rawcliffe, The Staffords, Earls of Stafford and Dukes of Buckingham, 1394-1521 (Cambridge, 1978), p. 43; see B.J. Harris, Edward Stafford, Third Duke of Buckingham, 1478-1521 (Stanford, 1986), H. Miller, Henry VIII and the English Nobility (Oxford, 1986).

  12.Joanna Denny, Katherine Howard: a Tudor Conspiracy (London, 2005), p. 261.

  13.Cal. SP. Spanish IV, 694, p.295.

  14.Ibid, V, ii, 104, p. 269.

  15.LP, I, 698, 2246.

  16.Archaeologia Cantiana; being the Transactions of the Kent Archaeological Society, vols. IV, XXII (London, 1861, 1917), p. 319.

  17.LP, ii, 2246; II, ii, ‘The King’s Book of Payments’, p. 1463.

  18.Starkey, Six Wives, p. 645.

  19.LP, xii. 463, 466.

  20.Muriel St. Clare Byrne (ed.), The Lisle Letters (6 vols., University of Chicago Press, 1981), pp. 373-6.

  21.Surrey Archaeological Collections, LI, pp. 85-8; Visitations of Surrey, H.S., XLIII, p.21; Inquisitions Post Mortem – Henry VII, I, 820. See Denny, Katherine Howard, pp. 6-8.

  22.Surrey Archaeological Collections, LI, pp. 87-8.

  23.Ibid. p. 87 seems to suggest that Henry was the eldest son since he was named first in John Legh’s will of 1523, before his two brothers. He was probably named for the king.

  24.Statham and Brenan, House of Howard, p. 166, n. 1.

  25.Pamela Y. Stanton, ‘Arundell, Sir Thomas (c.1502-1552)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography; Douglas Richardson, Magna Carta Ancestry: A Study in Colonial and Medieval Families, ed. Kimball G. Everingham I (2011), p. 44.

  26.For Anne’s age, LP, XV, 22; for Margaret, LP, XVI, 868.

  27.C. Byrne, ‘The birth and childhood of Katherine Howard, queen of England’ (2012; available online at http://www.conorbyrnex.blogspot.co.uk/2012/11/the-birth-and-childhood-of-katherine.html); Surrey Archaeological Collections, LI, pp. 85-90; which shows that, in John Legh’s will of 1523-4, none of the Howard daughters were mentioned, but in Isabel his wife’s will in 1527, all three daughters were named, with Isabel naming Mary as her goddaughter, which was probably after John’s death. It has been argued that ‘infant girls did not warrant mention as beneficiaries in a will’ (Baldwin Smith, p. 194), but this fails to take into account the fact that Isabel Legh decided to include all three girls; while other infant females from the Legh family were included in the earlier will. See Visit
ations of Cornwall (J. L. Vivian, ed.), pp. 4-5; H. Howard, Memorials of the Howard Family (1834), 1-26; Baldwin Smith, A Tudor Tragedy, pp. 194-6. The unknown author of The Chronicle of Henry VIII (ed. Martin Hume, London, 1889), p. 75, suggested that Katherine was about fifteen in 1539-40. See later in this chapter. Mary Howard married Edmund Trafford some years later, he having been born in 1526. The fact that he was born in this year, and that Mary was apparently still unwed at the time of her sister’s reign as queen, suggests that she was the youngest Howard daughter. For a Lambeth birth, see LP XVI 1395 (indictment against the queen). Some suspected Katherine was born at Oxenhoath in Kent; see Brenan and Stratham, House of Howard, I, pp. 268-9.

  28.Richardson, Magna Carta Ancestry: A Study in Colonial and Medieval Families, ed. Kimball G. Everingham IV (2011), p. 108.

  29.Cal. SP Spanish., V-i, 165, p. 468.

  30.LP, IV, 3731-2; Henry Ellis, Original Letters Illustrative of English History, third Series, 4 vols. (London, 1846), I, pp. 160-3.

  31.LP, V, 166, 15.

  32.Gerald Brenan and Edward Stratham, The House of Howard¸2 vols. (New York, 1907), I, pp. 268-9.

  33.Cited in Jeremy Goldberg, ‘Girls Growing Up in Later Medieval England’, History Today, 45, 6 (1995).

  34.Olwen Hufton, ‘What is Women’s History?’, History Today, 35, 6 (1985).

  35.If one accepts the disputed 1507 birthdate for Anne Boleyn, it follows that she was six years old when she was sent abroad to France to serve within the household of Mary Tudor and later Claude of France. See Retha M. Warnicke, The Rise and Fall of Anne Boleyn: Family politics at the court of Henry VIII (Cambridge, 1989), Ch. 1.

  36.Barbara J. Harris, ‘Women and Politics in Early Tudor England’, The Historical Journal 33 (1990), 262-3.

  37.Retha M. Warnicke, ‘Queen Katherine Howard’ in Wicked Women (Palgrave Macmillan, 2012), p. 50.

  38.Byrne, ‘Birth and childhood’.

  39.Cited by Denny, Katherine Howard, pp. 15-16.

  40.Strickland, Memoirs, p. 282.

  41.Graves, ‘Thomas Howard’.

  42.Ibid.

  43.Catharine Davies, ‘Agnes Howard [nee Tilney], duchess of Norfolk (b. in or before 1477, d. 1545), noblewoman’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (2004). See also Warnicke, Wicked Women; Baldwin Smith, A Tudor Tragedy, pp. 46-8.

  44.Warnicke, Wicked Women, p. 57. Baldwin Smith agrees, noting that ‘how many people were involved in such an organization it is impossible to say, and very likely the old lady of Norfolk was not sure herself’; A Tudor Tragedy, p. 47.

  45.Harris, ‘Women and Politics’, 260. See also Barbara Harris, ‘The View from My Lady’s Chamber: New Perspectives on the Early Tudor Monarchy’, Huntingdon Library Quarterly 60 (1997), 215-247.

  2) A Howard Queen

  1.Calendar of State Papers Relating to English Affairs in the Archives of Venice, Volume 5: 1534-1554 (ed. Rawdon Brown, 1873), pp. 531-567.

  2.Nicholas Sander, The Rise and Growth of the Anglican Schism (eds. Edward Rishton, David Lewis, London, 1877), pp. 8, 15.

  3.S. Giustinian, Four Years at the Court of Henry VIII (tr. R. Brown, 2 vols., London, 1854), I, pp. 181-2.

  4.Cal.SP Ven., II, 479; LP III i, 1284.

  5.Mark Breitenberg, ‘Anxious Masculinity: Sexual Jealousy in Early Modern England’, Feminist Studies 19 (1993), 388.

  6.Linda A. Pollock, ‘Childbearing and female bonding in Early Modern England’, Social History 22 (1997), 300.

  7.Anne L. Barstow, Witchcraze: A New History of the European Witch Hunts (HarperCollins, 1994), p. 136.

  8.Cal.SP Ven., II, 248, 529, 560.

  9.Cal.SP Ven., IV, 105.

  10.Lois Honeycutt, ‘Medieval Queenship’, History Today, 39, 6 (1989).

  11.Retha M. Warnicke, The Rise and Fall of Anne Boleyn: Family politics at the court of Henry VIII (Cambridge, 1989), p. 177.

  12.Sander, English Schism, p. 8.

  13.BL.Sloane MSS.

  14.J. G. Nichols (ed.), Inventories of the Wardrobes, Plate, Chapel Stuff, etc., of Henry Fitzroy, Duke of Richmond and of the Wardrobe Stuff at Baynard’s Castle of Katharine, Princess Dowager, Camden Society, vol. LXI (London, 1855), xv. See also M. J. Lechnar, ‘Henry VIII’s Bastard: Henry Fitzroy, Duke of Richmond’, PhD Dissertation, West Virginia University (1977).

  15.Raphael Holinshed, Chronicles of England, Scotland and Ireland (Henry Ellis, ed., 6 vols, 1807-8).

  16.George Cavendish, The Life of Cardinal Wolsey (S. W. Singer, ed., 2 vols., 1815), iv., p.108.

  17.Lancelot de Carles, La Grande Bretagne devant L’Opinion Francaise (G. Ascoli, ed., Paris, 1927), lines 53-4.

  18.William Forest, The History of Grisild the Second: A Narrative in Verse of the Divorce of Queen Katherine of Aragon (M. D. Macray, ed., London, 1875), pp. 52-3.

  19.J. W. Luce (ed.), The Love Letters of Henry VIII to Anne Boleyn: With Notes (London, 1906), p. iii.

  20.G. E. Cockayne, The Complete Peerage (V. Gibbs, H. A. Doubleday, D. Warrand, T. Lord Howard de Walden and G. White, 13 vols, London, 1910-59), IX, pp. 219-22.

  21.Ibid; XII, pp. 249-57.

  22.Warnicke, Rise and fall, p. 88.

  23.Cal. SP. Spanish IV i, pp. 189-90.

  24.Edward Hall, A Chronicle containing, the History of Henry the Fourth and the Succeeding Monarchs to the End of the Reign of Henry the Eighth, carefully collected with the editions of 1548 and 1550 (Henry Ellis, ed., London, 1809), p. 760; Correspondence du Cardinal du Bellay (Scheurer, ed.), I, pp. 108, 110; LP IV, iii, 6011.

  25.See Warnicke, Rise and fall, pp. 1-3.

  26.LP, 4/3, 6199.

  27.David Starkey, ‘From Feud to Faction: English Politics 1450-1550’, History Today, 32, 11 (1982).

  28.See Barbara Harris, ‘Women and Politics in Early Tudor England’, The Historical Journal 33 (1990), 259-281.

  29.Barbara Harris, ‘The View from My Lady’s Chamber: New Perspectives on the Early Tudor Monarchy’, Huntingdon Library Quarterly 60 (1997), 220.

  30.See Laura Gowing, ‘Women’s Bodies and the Making of Sex in Seventeenth-Century England’, Signs, 37 (2012); Laura Gowing, ‘Women, Status and the Popular Culture of Dishonour’, Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 6 (1996), 225.

  31.Gowing, ‘Women, Status’, 234.

  32.Barstow, Witchcraze, p. 136.

  33.Martin Hume (ed.), The Chronicle of Henry VIII (London, 1889), pp. 8, 44.

  34.Cal.SP Ven., 1527-33, 294-5.

  35.LP, 5, 1059.

  36.Charles Wriothesley, A Chronicle of England during the Reigns of the Tudors, from 1485 to 1559 (William Douglas Hamilton, ed., 2 vols., 1875-77), I, pp. 17-18.

  37.Hall, Chronicle, II, p. 233.

  38.Cited by Joanna Denny, Katherine Howard: A Tudor Conspiracy (London, 2005), p. 57.

  39.Cal. SP. Spanish IV ii, 934, p. 429; V, i, 122, p. 355.

  40.See, for example, Anne Somerset, Ladies in Waiting: From the Tudors to the Present Day (London, 1984), pp. 9-33.

  41.Lisle Letters II pp. 528-31.

  42.See Byrne, ‘Birth and childhood’.

  43.LP, IX, 308.

  44.Warnicke, Rise and fall, p. 146; Baldwin Smith, A Tudor Tragedy, p. 31.

  45.LP, VI, 1528.

  46.Wriothesley, Chronicle, I, pp. 27-29.

  47.LP, VIII, 1105.

  48.Warnicke, Rise and fall, p. 171.

  49.Cited by H.F.M. Prescott, Mary Tudor (1952), p. 307.

  50.See Eric Ives, The Life and Death of Anne Boleyn (Oxford, 2005), pp. 190-1.

  51.LP, V, 907.

  52.George Cavendish ‘Metrical Visions’ in The Life of Cardinal Wolsey and Metrical Visions (S.W. Singer, ed., 1825), p. 42.

  53.Lancelot de Carles in G. Ascoli, La Grande-Bretagne devant L’Opinion Francaise (Paris, 1927), lines 209-13.

  54.Harris, ‘My Lady’s Chamber’, 247.

  55.LP, VII, 556; Lisle Letters, II, 175.

  56.Cal.SP Span., V, 90.

  57.There is some dispute about the queen’s second pregnancy. See I
ves, Anne, pp. 191-2; Warnicke, Rise and fall, pp. 173-77; G.W. Bernard, Fatal Attractions (Yale, 2010), pp. 74-5.