Katherine Howard: A New History Read online

  27.P.R.O., S.P. I, 168, f.60; LP, XVI, 1409.

  28.Suggested by Warnicke, Wicked Women, p. 58.

  29.LP, XV, 901.

  30.Cited by Strickland, Memoirs, p. 329.

  31.George Cavendish, The Life of Cardinal Wolsey and Metrical Visions, p. 64; LP, XVI,

  32.Hastings Robinson, Original Letters relative to the English Reformation written during the reigns of King Henry VIII, King Edward VI and Queen Mary, chiefly from the archives of Zurich (1847), p. 202.

  33.LP, XV, 613, 686.

  34.Eric Carlson, ‘Courtship in Tudor England’, History Today, 43, 8 (1993).

  35.Third Report of the Deputy Keeper, App. II, pp. 264-5.

  36.Hall’s Chronicle, p. 838.

  37.Original Letters, p. 202.

  38.Ibid, p. 205.

  39.LP, XV, 831.

  40.Greg Walker, ‘Henry VIII and the Invention of the Royal Court’, History Today, 47, 2 (1997).

  41.David Starkey, ‘From Feud to Faction: English Politics 1450-1550’, History Today, 32, 11 (1982).

  42.LP, XII, 1150; XVI, 1366.

  43.Ibid, XII, 711, 808.

  44.Ibid, IX, 612.

  45.John Stow, A Survey of London (Charles Lethbridge, 2 vols., ed., Oxford, 1908), II, pp. 99-100.

  46.Tudor PCC Will Transcription, L. L. Duncan, 54, p. 28.

  47.Original Letters, p. 227.

  48.Warnicke, Wicked Women, p. 68.

  49.Denny, Katherine Howard, pp. 189-90.

  50.Ibid, p. 88.

  51.Edward Herbert, The Life and Raigne of King Henry the Eighth (1649), p. 456.

  52.Hall’s Chronicle, p. 838.

  53.Glyn Redworth, In Defence of the Church Catholic: The Life of Stephen Gardiner (Oxford, 1990), pp. 106-7.

  54.LP, XV, 766.

  55.Ibid, XV, 785.

  56.Diarmaid MacCulloch, Thomas Cranmer (Yale, 1996), p. 272.

  57.Ibid, XV, 736.

  58.Warnicke, Anne of Cleves, p. 183.

  59.Ibid, pp. 184-5; LP, XV, 848.

  60.LP, XV, 850.

  61.Warnicke, ‘Anne of Cleves’.

  62.L. Stone, Broken Lives: Separation and Divorce in England 1660-1857 (Oxford, 1993), p. 22.

  63.Wheeler, Court intrigue, p. 178.

  64.Starkey, Six Wives, p. 649.

  65.Gowing, ‘Women’s Bodies’.

  66.See Linda A. Pollock, ‘Honor, Gender, and Reconciliation in Elite Culture, 1570-1700’, Journal of British Studies 46 (2007).

  67.Hall’s Chronicle, p. 839.

  68.Original Letters, II, p. 159; LP, XV, 845.

  69.LP, XV, 908, 925.

  70.Hall’s Chronicle, p. 839

  6) Katerina Regina

  1.LP XVIII 873.

  2.Hall’s Chronicle, p. 840; Wriothesley, Chronicle, pp. 121-2; Wheeler, Court intrigue, p. 181; Starkey, Six Wives, p. 649.

  3.Hall’s Chronicle, p. 840.

  4.LP XV 902, 916.

  5.Ibid, XV, 902.

  6.Hume, Chronicle of Henry VIII, p. 76.

  7.LP XVI 12.

  8.See Chapter 1.

  9.‘HOWARD, Sir George (1519-80), of London and Kidbrooke, Kent’ in S. T. Bindoff (ed.), The History of Parliament: the House of Commons 1509-1558 (Boydell and Brewer, 1982), pp. 399-400.

  10.Chronicle of Henry VIII, p. 76.

  11.LP XVI 128.

  12.For Katherine’s household, see LP XV 21.

  13.LP XV 875.

  14.LP XV 21.

  15.Eric Ives, The Life and Death of Anne Boleyn (Oxford, 2005), p. 205.

  16.Maria Dowling, ‘A Woman’s Place? Learning and the Wives of Henry VIII’, History Today 41 6 (1991).

  17.John Matusiak, ‘Faction, Intrigue and Influence at the Mid-Tudor Court’, History Review (2012); accessed online at http://www.historytoday.com/john-matusiak/faction-intrigue-and-influence-mid-tudor-court.

  18.Baldwin Smith, A Tudor Tragedy, p. 186.

  19.LP, XVI, 217.

  20.Ibid.

  21.Lionel Cust, ‘A Portrait of Queen Catherine Howard, by Hans Holbein the Younger’, Burlington Magazine for Connoisseurs 17 (1910), 193.

  22.Fraser, Six Wives of Henry VIII, believes that the sitter’s black dress signifies that she is a widow, and on this basis, identifies the sitter as the former widow Elizabeth Seymour, sister of Queen Jane, and wife of Gregory Cromwell, p. 386. Roy Strong, Tudor Portraits, I, pp. 41-4 agrees, suggesting the sitter is Elizabeth Cromwell. Other historians dispute this; Alison Weir questions whether the daughter of a mere knight (John Seymour) would be entitled to wear such rich dress and suggests that it is significant that at least three copies of this portrait survive (email to the author).

  23.Cust, ‘Portrait of Catherine’, 194.

  24.Ibid.

  25.Chronicle of Henry VIII, p. 77.

  26.LP XVI 804.

  27.For Katherine’s inventory, see LP XVI 1389.

  28.William Thomas, The Pilgrim: A Dialogue on the Life and Actions of King Henry the Eighth (ed. J. Froude, London, 1861), p. 58.

  29.See Chapter 1.

  30.Cust, ‘A Portrait of Catherine’, 194.

  31.Strong, Tudor and Jacobean Portraits, p. 41.

  32.See, for instance, the 1544 portrait painted by Master John.

  33.Rosalind K. Marshall, ‘Douglas, Lady Margaret, countess of Lennox (1515-1578), noblewoman’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.

  34.Denny, Katherine Howard, p. 98.

  35.Starkey, Six Wives, pp. xxv, 651.

  36.Susan E. James, ‘Lady Margaret Douglas and Sir Thomas Seymour by Holbein: Two Miniatures Re-identified’, Apollo 147 (435), 1998, pp. 15-16.

  37.Ibid, p. 17.

  38.Fraser, Six Wives, pp. 406-7.

  39.LP, XVI, 217.

  40.Waagen, Die vornehmsten Kunstdenkmäler in Wien, pp336-7; Ganz, Hans Holbein d. J.: Des Meisters Gemälde, p.245.

  41.Duveen Pictures in Public Collections of America, no. 222.

  42.James, Susanna Horenbout, Levina Teerlinc, and the mask of royalty, p124.

  43.Nigel Reynolds, ‘The true beauty of Lady Jane Grey’, The Telegraph 5 March 2007 (http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1544576/The-true-beauty-of-Lady-Jane-Grey.html; last accessed 20/07/13).

  44.Baldwin Smith, A Tudor Tragedy, p. 10.

  45.Weir, Six Wives of Henry VIII, p. 3.

  46.Plowden, Tudor Women: Queens and Commoners, p. 96.

  47.Diarmaid MacCulloch, review of E. W. Ives The Life and Death of Anne Boleyn (2004); available online at http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/?xml=/arts/2004/07/18/boive18.xml.

  48.Wriothesley, Chronicle, p. 123.

  49.LP XVI 60.

  50.Ibid, XVI, 223.

  51.Ibid, XVI, 26.

  52.Strickland, Memoirs, p. 291.

  53.Breitenberg, ‘Anxious Masculinity’, 384-8.

  54.See Chapter 5.

  7) Patronage and Power

  1.Denny, Katherine Howard, p. 160.

  2.LP VI 351.

  3.R.A.B. Mynors and D.F.S Thomson (trans.), Correspondence of Erasmus, II, pp. 147-48.

  4.Suzannah Lipscomb, 1536: The Year that Changed Henry VIII, especially Chapter 18.

  5.LP, XV, 954.

  6.Lipscomb, 1536, p. 200.

  7.Retha Warnicke, ‘Queenship: Politics and Gender in Tudor England’, History Compass 4 (2006), 209

  8.Ann Weikel, ‘Mary I (1516-1558), queen of England and Ireland’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (2004).

  9.See, for example, John Edwards, Mary I: England’s Catholic Queen (Yale, 2011).

  10.LP XVI 314.

  11.Baldwin Smith, A Tudor Tragedy, p. 141.

  12.Edwards, Mary I, p. 62.

  13.Chronicle of Henry VIII, p. 76.

  14.CSP Span., VI-i, 305-6.

  15.LP XVI 835.

  16.Ibid, 1389.

  17.Ibid.

  18.Starkey, Six Wives, p. 660.

  19.LP XVI 835.

  20.SC 6/HEN VIII/6332; 6365; 6397.

  21.Ibid, 804.

  22.LP XV 2
1.

  23.Ibid, XVI, 316.

  24.Ibid, 379 (38); 947 (10).

  25.Richard Jones, The Byrth of Mankynde, Newly Translated Out of Laten Unto Englysshe (London, 1540).

  26.CSP Span., VI-i, 305-6.

  27.Honeycutt, ‘Medieval Queenship’.

  28.LP XVI 581.

  29.Ibid, 660, 678, 1391 (18).

  30.Wriothesley, Chronicle, I, p124

  31.LP, VI, 613.

  32.Harris, ‘Women and Politics’, 260.

  33.LP XV 21.

  34.Harris, ‘View from My Lady’s Chamber’, 237-8.

  35. LP XVI 1389.

  36.Baldwin Smith, A Tudor Tragedy, p. 146.

  37.Harris, ‘View from My Lady’s Chamber’, 243.

  38.LP XVI 379 (18).

  39.Ibid, 1416 (2).

  40.Ibid, 1339; NA, S.P. I, 167, f. 157.

  41.Ibid, f. 161.

  42.Goldberg, ‘Girls Growing Up in Later Medieval England’.

  43.LP XVI 589.

  44.Ibid, 1328.

  45.Wriothesley, Chronicle, p. 124.

  46.Ibid, 712.

  47.Ibid, 1332.

  48.See chapter 3.

  49.Kathleen Coyne Kelly, Performing Virginity and Testing Chastity in the Middle Ages (Routledge, 2002), p. ix.

  50.CSP Span, V-I, 328.

  8) ‘Yours as Long as Life Endures’

  1.See, for example, Baldwin Smith, A Tudor Tragedy, and Fraser, Six Wives.

  2.See Starkey, Six Wives.

  3.See Warnicke, ‘Queen Katherine Howard’ in Wicked Women.

  4.Retha M. Warnicke, ‘Queenship: Politics and Gender in Tudor England’, History Compass 4 (2006), 203-227.

  5.Anne Laurence, Women in England 1500-1760: A Social History (Phoenix, 1994), p. 61.

  6.Warnicke, Wicked Women, pp. 68-76.

  7.LP XVI 712.

  8.Ibid, 1339; PRO, SP 1/167, fo. 157.

  9.Bath Manuscripts, pp. 8-10.

  10.Retha M. Warnicke, ‘The Fall of Anne Boleyn Revisited’, English Historical Review 108 (1993), 658.

  11.Patricia Ellen Thompson, Decline and Fall of courtly love (Kansas, 1964), pp. 4-5.

  12.‘The Conventions of Courtly Love’, accessed at http://www.research.uvu.edu/mcdonald/britquestions/courtlylove.html.

  13.‘Medieval View of Love: Courtly Love’, accessed at http://www.academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/english/melani/cs6/love.html.

  14.Kathleen Forni, ‘Literature of Courtly Love: Introduction’ (2005), accessed at http://www.lib.rochester.edu/camelot/teams/forcrtlvint.htm.

  15.Elizabeth Heale, ‘Women and the Courtly Love Lyric: the Devonshire MS (BL Additional 17492)’, Modern Language Review 90 (1995), 298.

  16.Book of the Courtier, p. 191.

  17.Heale, ‘Women’, 300.

  18.Ibid, 296-315.

  19.Johanna Rickman, Love, Lust, and License in Early Modern England: Illicit Sex and the Nobility (Ashgate, 2008), p. 29.

  20.Harris, ‘Arranged Marriage in Early Tudor England’, 66.

  21.Martin A. S. Hume (trans., London, 1889), Chronicle of King Henry VIII of England: Being a Contemporary Record of Some of the Principal Events of the Reigns of Henry VIII and Edward VI.

  22.Eric W. Ives, ‘Faction at the Court of Henry VIII: The Fall of Anne Boleyn’, Journal of the Historical Association 57 (1972), 170.

  23.Chronicle of Henry VIII, pp. 74-5.

  24.Warnicke, Wicked Women, p. 3.

  25.Ibid, p. 4.

  26.Chronicle of Henry VIII, p. 82.

  27.Ibid.

  28.LP XVI 941; 1011.

  29.Ibid, 1338.

  30.Wheeler, Court intrigue, p.

  31.NA, S.P. I, vol. 167, f. 14.

  32.Warnicke, Wicked Women, p. 69.

  33.Linda Pollock, ‘Anger and the Negotiation of Relationships in Early Modern England’, Historical Journal 47 (2004), 571.

  34.Fay Bound, ‘Writing the Self? Love and Letter in England, c. 1660-c.1760’, Literature and History 11 (2002), 1-19. See also James Daybell, The Material Letter in Early Modern England: Manuscript Letters and the Culture and Practices of Letter-Writing, 1512-1635 (Palgrave Macmillan, 2012).

  35.Susan M. Fitzmaurice, The Familiar Letter in Early Modern English: A Pragmatic Approach (John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2002), pp. 1-2.

  36.Katherine Kong, Lettering the Self in Medieval and Early Modern France (Boydell & Brewer, 2010), p. 235.

  37.Warnicke, Wicked Women, p. 70.

  38.Chronicle of Henry VIII, p. 82.

  39.Warnicke, Wicked Women, p. 70.

  40.Kong, Lettering the Self, p. 235.

  41.James Daybell, Women Letter-Writers in Tudor England (Oxford, 2006), p. 46.

  42.Julia Fox, Jane Boleyn: The Infamous Lady Rochford (2007), p. 361.

  43.For instance, Starkey, Six Wives, p. 675.

  44.Baldwin Smith, Tudor Tragedy, p. 156. But as Fox (p. 362) notes, there is no evidence to suggest that Jane’s behaviour was ‘unbalanced’ until she was housed in the Tower in early 1542. See also Elizabeth Norton, The Boleyn Women: the Tudor Femme Fatales who Changed English History (Amberley, 2013).

  45.Fox, Jane Boleyn. Retha M. Warnicke, The Rise and Fall of Anne Boleyn: Family politics at the court of Henry VIII (Cambridge, 1989), pp. 216-17; 302; also recognises that Lady Rochford’s association with Anne Boleyn’s downfall was much more minimal than it has usually been assumed to be.

  46.Helen E. Maurer, Margaret of Anjou: Queenship and Power in Late Medieval England (The Boydell Press, 2003), p. 88.

  47.LP XVI 1339.

  48.Ibid, 1336.

  49.Baldwin Smith, Tudor Tragedy, p. 146, comments that ‘if the testimony purporting to prove the Queen’s carnal desires and activities demonstrates anything, it indicates that imagination largely supplemented memory and that almost everyone concerned lied like a trooper’. Despite this, he accepts Katherine’s guilt and validates the claim that she engaged in adultery with Culpeper, assisted by the ‘insane’ Lady Rochford.

  50.LP XVI 1339.

  51.Roper, Oedipus and the Devil, pp. 138, 188.

  52.Warnicke, ‘Fall of Anne Boleyn’, 658.

  53.Heale, ‘Women and the Courtly Love Lyric’, 298.

  54.Fox, Jane Boleyn, p. 364.

  55.Bath Manuscripts, p. 9; NA SP 1/167, ff. 149, 160.

  56.LP XVI 1339.

  57.NA SP 1/167 f. 153.

  58.Bath Manuscripts, pp. 9-10.

  59.Chronicle of Henry VIII, pp. 82-4.

  60.Bath Manuscripts, p. 9; NA SP 1/167, f. 158.

  61.Hall’s Chronicle, p. 842.

  62.LP X 1134/4; XVI, 678 (13), XVI 1339; NA SP 1/167 f. 158-9.

  63.NA SP 1/167, f. 160.

  64.NA SP 1/167, f. 158-9.

  65.Bath Manuscripts, pp. 8-10.

  66.Hall’s Chronicle, p. 842.

  67.LP XVI 1208

  9) Downfall and Death

  1.LP XVI 1297.

  2.Ibid, 1334.

  3.NA SP 1/163 fol. 46r.

  4.LP XVI 1320.

  5.Ibid; NA SP 1/167 f. 129.

  6.Ibid; fs. 138-138v.

  7.Wheeler, Men of Power.

  8.Alec Ryrie, ‘John Lassells [Lascelles] (d. 1546), courtier and religious activist’

  9.NA PRO, SP 1/163, fol. 46r.